HRAS (Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog)

Identity

Other names	c-Ha-ras 1
HGNC	HRAS
Location	11p15.5
Location_base_pair	Starts at 522242 and ends at 525550 bp from pter ( according to hg18-Mar_2006).

Note	more on the RAS family is available as a deep insight.

DNA/RNA

Note	to be quoted is the existence of a pseudogene, c-Ha-ras 2, inactivated, processed pseudogene which is located on Chromosome X.
	H-ras splicing variants : alternative splicing of H-ras precursor mRNA leads to the two transcripts p19 and p21 which differ by the ex- or inclusion of the Intron D Exon (IDX); Exons that encode protein are shown as black boxes, untranslated exons as white boxes; the upstream untranslated exon is indicated as Exon -1
Description	consists of six exons, spread over 6.6kb of genomic DNA
Transcription	alternative RNA splicing reveals two different transcripts (see Fig); if the Intron D Exon (IDX) is skipped exon 4 is directly joined to exon 3

Protein

Description	170 amino acids; 19kDa; shares a common effector region with regular RAS proteins; absence of residues 152-165, abrogating the GDP/GTP binding, and lack of a cysteine residue in the carboxy-terminus preventing the posttranslational modifications essential for the attachment of RAS proteins to the cytoplasmic membrane regular RAS protein - characterized in the RAS family page
Expression	p19H-ras is expected to be produced at a much higher level than p21H-ras; the surprising low abundance of p19H-ras could be explained by instability of mRNA or unproductive splicing ubiquitously expressed
Localisation	cytoplasmic anchored to the inner surface of the plasma membrane
Function	no oncogenic ability; it has been assumed, that p19H-ras might act as a antagonist to p21H-ras; due to the intact effector region it would interact constitutively with candidate effector molecules or regulators such as GAP, thereby suppressing the biological function of p21H-ras; additionally the expression of p19H-ras was found to limit the production of p21H-ras analogously to other GTP-binding proteins (such as Translation Elongation Factor EFTu or signal transducing G-Proteins) RAS proteins are involved in signal transduction pathways
Homology	RAS, RAL, RAC, RHO, RAP, and RAB ras gene family is part of the ras superfamily including the mammalian RAS, RAL, RAC, RHO, RAP, and RAB gene families and the yeast homologs like SEC4 and YPT1 genes; genes encode small monomeric proteins of low molecular mass (20-30 kDa) which share at least 30% homology with RAS proteins.

Implicated in

Entity	tumor (frequency of H-RAS mutations); references in Full Bibliography
Entity	stomach (0-40%)
Entity	urinary bladder (0-65%)
Entity	prostate (0-10%)
Entity	skin (0-45%)
Entity	thyroid (0-60%)
Entity	breast (0-10%)
Entity	head and neck (0-30%)
Entity	endometrium (5%)

External links

	Nomenclature
HGNC	HRAS   5173
Entrez_Gene	HRAS  3265  v-Ha-ras Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
	Cards
Atlas	HRASID108
GeneCards	HRAS
Ensembl	HRAS [Search_View]   ENSG00000174775 [Gene_View]  HRAS [Vega]
Genatlas	HRAS
GeneLynx	HRAS
eGenome	HRAS
euGene	3265
	Genomic and cartography
GoldenPath	HRAS  -  11p15.5   chr11:522242-525550 -  11p15.5   [Description]    (hg18-Mar_2006)
Ensembl	HRAS - 11p15.5 [CytoView]
NCBI	Mapview
OMIM	Disease map [OMIM]
HomoloGene	HRAS
	Gene and transcription
Genbank	AF493916 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	AJ437024 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	BC006499 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	BC095471 [ ENTREZ ]
Genbank	BM801632 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NM_001130442 [ SRS ]    NM_001130442 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NM_005343 [ SRS ]    NM_005343 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NM_176795 [ SRS ]    NM_176795 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	AC_000054 [ SRS ]    AC_000054 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	AC_000143 [ SRS ]    AC_000143 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NC_000011 [ SRS ]    NC_000011 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NG_007666 [ SRS ]    NG_007666 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NT_035113 [ SRS ]    NT_035113 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NW_001838016 [ SRS ]    NW_001838016 [ ENTREZ ]
RefSeq	NW_924962 [ SRS ]    NW_924962 [ ENTREZ ]
CCDS	HRAS CCDS - NCBI
AceView	HRAS AceView - NCBI
Unigene	Hs.37003 [ SRS ]    Hs.37003 [ NCBI ]     HS37003 [ spliceNest ]
Fast-db	290 (alternative variants)
	Protein : pattern, domain, 3D structure
SwissProt	P01112 [ SRS]    P01112 [ EXPASY ]     P01112 [ INTERPRO ]     P01112 [ UNIPROT ] P01112 [ VarSplice ]
Interpro	IPR003577 GTPase_Ras [ SRS ]    IPR003577 GTPase_Ras [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR013753 Ras [ SRS ]    IPR013753 Ras [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR015592 Ras_Ras_related [ SRS ]    IPR015592 Ras_Ras_related [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR001806 Ras_trnsfrmng [ SRS ]    IPR001806 Ras_trnsfrmng [ EBI ]
Interpro	IPR005225 Small_GTP_bd [ SRS ]    IPR005225 Small_GTP_bd [ EBI ]
CluSTr	P01112
Pfam	PF00071 Ras [ SRS ]    PF00071 Ras [ Sanger ]    pfam00071 [ NCBI-CDD ]
Smart	SM00173 RAS [EMBL]
Blocks	P01112
PDB	121P [ SRS ]    121P [ PdbSum ],   121P [ IMB ]   121P [ RSDB ]
PDB	1AA9 [ SRS ]    1AA9 [ PdbSum ],   1AA9 [ IMB ]   1AA9 [ RSDB ]
PDB	1AGP [ SRS ]    1AGP [ PdbSum ],   1AGP [ IMB ]   1AGP [ RSDB ]
PDB	1BKD [ SRS ]    1BKD [ PdbSum ],   1BKD [ IMB ]   1BKD [ RSDB ]
PDB	1CLU [ SRS ]    1CLU [ PdbSum ],   1CLU [ IMB ]   1CLU [ RSDB ]
PDB	1CRP [ SRS ]    1CRP [ PdbSum ],   1CRP [ IMB ]   1CRP [ RSDB ]
PDB	1CRQ [ SRS ]    1CRQ [ PdbSum ],   1CRQ [ IMB ]   1CRQ [ RSDB ]
PDB	1CRR [ SRS ]    1CRR [ PdbSum ],   1CRR [ IMB ]   1CRR [ RSDB ]
PDB	1CTQ [ SRS ]    1CTQ [ PdbSum ],   1CTQ [ IMB ]   1CTQ [ RSDB ]
PDB	1GNP [ SRS ]    1GNP [ PdbSum ],   1GNP [ IMB ]   1GNP [ RSDB ]
PDB	1GNQ [ SRS ]    1GNQ [ PdbSum ],   1GNQ [ IMB ]   1GNQ [ RSDB ]
PDB	1GNR [ SRS ]    1GNR [ PdbSum ],   1GNR [ IMB ]   1GNR [ RSDB ]
PDB	1HE8 [ SRS ]    1HE8 [ PdbSum ],   1HE8 [ IMB ]   1HE8 [ RSDB ]
PDB	1IAQ [ SRS ]    1IAQ [ PdbSum ],   1IAQ [ IMB ]   1IAQ [ RSDB ]
PDB	1IOZ [ SRS ]    1IOZ [ PdbSum ],   1IOZ [ IMB ]   1IOZ [ RSDB ]
PDB	1JAH [ SRS ]    1JAH [ PdbSum ],   1JAH [ IMB ]   1JAH [ RSDB ]
PDB	1JAI [ SRS ]    1JAI [ PdbSum ],   1JAI [ IMB ]   1JAI [ RSDB ]
PDB	1K8R [ SRS ]    1K8R [ PdbSum ],   1K8R [ IMB ]   1K8R [ RSDB ]
PDB	1LF0 [ SRS ]    1LF0 [ PdbSum ],   1LF0 [ IMB ]   1LF0 [ RSDB ]
PDB	1LF5 [ SRS ]    1LF5 [ PdbSum ],   1LF5 [ IMB ]   1LF5 [ RSDB ]
PDB	1LFD [ SRS ]    1LFD [ PdbSum ],   1LFD [ IMB ]   1LFD [ RSDB ]
PDB	1NVU [ SRS ]    1NVU [ PdbSum ],   1NVU [ IMB ]   1NVU [ RSDB ]
PDB	1NVV [ SRS ]    1NVV [ PdbSum ],   1NVV [ IMB ]   1NVV [ RSDB ]
PDB	1NVW [ SRS ]    1NVW [ PdbSum ],   1NVW [ IMB ]   1NVW [ RSDB ]
PDB	1NVX [ SRS ]    1NVX [ PdbSum ],   1NVX [ IMB ]   1NVX [ RSDB ]
PDB	1P2S [ SRS ]    1P2S [ PdbSum ],   1P2S [ IMB ]   1P2S [ RSDB ]
PDB	1P2T [ SRS ]    1P2T [ PdbSum ],   1P2T [ IMB ]   1P2T [ RSDB ]
PDB	1P2U [ SRS ]    1P2U [ PdbSum ],   1P2U [ IMB ]   1P2U [ RSDB ]
PDB	1P2V [ SRS ]    1P2V [ PdbSum ],   1P2V [ IMB ]   1P2V [ RSDB ]
PDB	1PLJ [ SRS ]    1PLJ [ PdbSum ],   1PLJ [ IMB ]   1PLJ [ RSDB ]
PDB	1PLK [ SRS ]    1PLK [ PdbSum ],   1PLK [ IMB ]   1PLK [ RSDB ]
PDB	1PLL [ SRS ]    1PLL [ PdbSum ],   1PLL [ IMB ]   1PLL [ RSDB ]
PDB	1Q21 [ SRS ]    1Q21 [ PdbSum ],   1Q21 [ IMB ]   1Q21 [ RSDB ]
PDB	1QRA [ SRS ]    1QRA [ PdbSum ],   1QRA [ IMB ]   1QRA [ RSDB ]
PDB	1RVD [ SRS ]    1RVD [ PdbSum ],   1RVD [ IMB ]   1RVD [ RSDB ]
PDB	1WQ1 [ SRS ]    1WQ1 [ PdbSum ],   1WQ1 [ IMB ]   1WQ1 [ RSDB ]
PDB	1XCM [ SRS ]    1XCM [ PdbSum ],   1XCM [ IMB ]   1XCM [ RSDB ]
PDB	1XD2 [ SRS ]    1XD2 [ PdbSum ],   1XD2 [ IMB ]   1XD2 [ RSDB ]
PDB	1XJ0 [ SRS ]    1XJ0 [ PdbSum ],   1XJ0 [ IMB ]   1XJ0 [ RSDB ]
PDB	1ZVQ [ SRS ]    1ZVQ [ PdbSum ],   1ZVQ [ IMB ]   1ZVQ [ RSDB ]
PDB	1ZW6 [ SRS ]    1ZW6 [ PdbSum ],   1ZW6 [ IMB ]   1ZW6 [ RSDB ]
PDB	221P [ SRS ]    221P [ PdbSum ],   221P [ IMB ]   221P [ RSDB ]
PDB	2C5L [ SRS ]    2C5L [ PdbSum ],   2C5L [ IMB ]   2C5L [ RSDB ]
PDB	2CE2 [ SRS ]    2CE2 [ PdbSum ],   2CE2 [ IMB ]   2CE2 [ RSDB ]
PDB	2CL0 [ SRS ]    2CL0 [ PdbSum ],   2CL0 [ IMB ]   2CL0 [ RSDB ]
PDB	2CL6 [ SRS ]    2CL6 [ PdbSum ],   2CL6 [ IMB ]   2CL6 [ RSDB ]
PDB	2CL7 [ SRS ]    2CL7 [ PdbSum ],   2CL7 [ IMB ]   2CL7 [ RSDB ]
PDB	2CLC [ SRS ]    2CLC [ PdbSum ],   2CLC [ IMB ]   2CLC [ RSDB ]
PDB	2CLD [ SRS ]    2CLD [ PdbSum ],   2CLD [ IMB ]   2CLD [ RSDB ]
PDB	2EVW [ SRS ]    2EVW [ PdbSum ],   2EVW [ IMB ]   2EVW [ RSDB ]
PDB	2GDP [ SRS ]    2GDP [ PdbSum ],   2GDP [ IMB ]   2GDP [ RSDB ]
PDB	2Q21 [ SRS ]    2Q21 [ PdbSum ],   2Q21 [ IMB ]   2Q21 [ RSDB ]
PDB	2QUZ [ SRS ]    2QUZ [ PdbSum ],   2QUZ [ IMB ]   2QUZ [ RSDB ]
PDB	2RGA [ SRS ]    2RGA [ PdbSum ],   2RGA [ IMB ]   2RGA [ RSDB ]
PDB	2RGB [ SRS ]    2RGB [ PdbSum ],   2RGB [ IMB ]   2RGB [ RSDB ]
PDB	2RGC [ SRS ]    2RGC [ PdbSum ],   2RGC [ IMB ]   2RGC [ RSDB ]
PDB	2RGD [ SRS ]    2RGD [ PdbSum ],   2RGD [ IMB ]   2RGD [ RSDB ]
PDB	2RGE [ SRS ]    2RGE [ PdbSum ],   2RGE [ IMB ]   2RGE [ RSDB ]
PDB	2RGG [ SRS ]    2RGG [ PdbSum ],   2RGG [ IMB ]   2RGG [ RSDB ]
PDB	2UZI [ SRS ]    2UZI [ PdbSum ],   2UZI [ IMB ]   2UZI [ RSDB ]
PDB	2VH5 [ SRS ]    2VH5 [ PdbSum ],   2VH5 [ IMB ]   2VH5 [ RSDB ]
PDB	421P [ SRS ]    421P [ PdbSum ],   421P [ IMB ]   421P [ RSDB ]
PDB	4Q21 [ SRS ]    4Q21 [ PdbSum ],   4Q21 [ IMB ]   4Q21 [ RSDB ]
PDB	521P [ SRS ]    521P [ PdbSum ],   521P [ IMB ]   521P [ RSDB ]
PDB	5P21 [ SRS ]    5P21 [ PdbSum ],   5P21 [ IMB ]   5P21 [ RSDB ]
PDB	621P [ SRS ]    621P [ PdbSum ],   621P [ IMB ]   621P [ RSDB ]
PDB	6Q21 [ SRS ]    6Q21 [ PdbSum ],   6Q21 [ IMB ]   6Q21 [ RSDB ]
PDB	721P [ SRS ]    721P [ PdbSum ],   721P [ IMB ]   721P [ RSDB ]
PDB	821P [ SRS ]    821P [ PdbSum ],   821P [ IMB ]   821P [ RSDB ]
HPRD	01813
	Protein Interaction databases
DIP	P01112
IntAct	P01112
	Polymorphism : SNP, mutations, diseases
OMIM	109800;188470;190020;218040    [ map ]
GENECLINICS	109800;188470;190020;218040
SNP	HRAS [dbSNP-NCBI]
SNP	NM_001130442 [SNP-NCI]
SNP	NM_005343 [SNP-NCI]
SNP	NM_176795 [SNP-NCI]
SNP	HRAS [GeneSNPs - Utah]  HRAS] [HGBASE - SRS]
HAPMAP	HRAS [HAPMAP]
COSMIC	HRAS [Somatic mutation (COSMIC-CGP-Sanger)]
HGMD	HRAS
Genetic Association	HRAS
CDC HuGE	HRAS
	General knowledge
Family Browser	HRAS [UCSC Family Browser]
SOURCE	NM_001130442
SOURCE	NM_005343
SOURCE	NM_176795
SMD	Hs.37003
SAGE	Hs.37003
GO	Golgi membrane [Amigo]  Golgi membrane
GO	nucleotide binding [Amigo]  nucleotide binding
GO	GTP binding [Amigo]  GTP binding
GO	intracellular [Amigo]  intracellular
GO	cytoplasm [Amigo]  cytoplasm
GO	Golgi apparatus [Amigo]  Golgi apparatus
GO	plasma membrane [Amigo]  plasma membrane
GO	plasma membrane [Amigo]  plasma membrane
GO	chemotaxis [Amigo]  chemotaxis
GO	cell surface receptor linked signal transduction [Amigo]  cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
GO	small GTPase mediated signal transduction [Amigo]  small GTPase mediated signal transduction
GO	Ras protein signal transduction [Amigo]  Ras protein signal transduction
GO	protein C-terminus binding [Amigo]  protein C-terminus binding
GO	organ morphogenesis [Amigo]  organ morphogenesis
BIOCARTA	Angiotensin II mediated activation of JNK Pathway via Pyk2 dependent signaling    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	CCR3 signaling in Eosinophils    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Calcium Signaling by HBx of Hepatitis B virus    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Influence of Ras and Rho proteins on G1 to S Transition    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	TPO Signaling Pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Roles of §-arrestin-dependent Recruitment of Src Kinases in GPCR Signaling    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	BCR Signaling Pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Bioactive Peptide Induced Signaling Pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Role of EGF Receptor Transactivation by GPCRs in Cardiac Hypertrophy    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Cadmium induces DNA synthesis and proliferation in macrophages    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Phosphorylation of MEK1 by cdk5/p35 down regulates the MAP kinase pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Transcription factor CREB and its extracellular signals    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	CXCR4 Signaling Pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Erk and PI-3 Kinase Are Necessary for Collagen Binding in Corneal Epithelia    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	EGF Signaling Pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	EPO Signaling Pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Role of Erk5 in Neuronal Survival    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Erk1/Erk2 Mapk Signaling pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	METS affect on Macrophage Differentiation    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	fMLP induced chemokine gene expression in HMC-1 cells    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Fc Epsilon Receptor I Signaling in Mast Cells    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Growth Hormone Signaling Pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Inhibition of Cellular Proliferation by Gleevec    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Signaling Pathway from G-Protein Families    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Role of ERBB2 in Signal Transduction and Oncology    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	IGF-1 Signaling Pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Multiple antiapoptotic pathways from IGF-1R signaling lead to BAD phosphorylation    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	IL 2 signaling pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	IL-2 Receptor Beta Chain in T cell Activation    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	IL 3 signaling pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	IL 6 signaling pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Insulin Signaling Pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Integrin Signaling Pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Keratinocyte Differentiation    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	The IGF-1 Receptor and Longevity    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	mCalpain and friends in Cell motility    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	How Progesterone Initiates the Oocyte Maturation    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Role of MAL in Rho-Mediated Activation of SRF    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	MAPKinase Signaling Pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Signaling of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	NFAT and Hypertrophy of the heart (Transcription in the broken heart)    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Nerve growth factor pathway (NGF)    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	PDGF Signaling Pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Regulation of transcriptional activity by PML    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Links between Pyk2 and Map Kinases    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Ras Signaling Pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinases    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Regulation of Splicing through Sam68    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Aspirin Blocks Signaling Pathway Involved in Platelet Activation    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Sprouty regulation of tyrosine kinase signals    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	T Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Trefoil Factors Initiate Mucosal Healing    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	Trka Receptor Signaling Pathway    [Genes]
BIOCARTA	VEGF, Hypoxia, and Angiogenesis    [Genes]
KEGG	MAPK signaling pathway
KEGG	Axon guidance
KEGG	VEGF signaling pathway
KEGG	Focal adhesion
KEGG	Tight junction
KEGG	Gap junction
KEGG	Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
KEGG	T cell receptor signaling pathway
KEGG	B cell receptor signaling pathway
KEGG	Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway
KEGG	Long-term potentiation
KEGG	Long-term depression
KEGG	Regulation of actin cytoskeleton
KEGG	Insulin signaling pathway
KEGG	GnRH signaling pathway
PubGene	HRAS
TreeFam	HRAS
CTD	3265 [Comparative ToxicoGenomics Database]
	Other databases
	Probes
Probe	Cancer Cytogenetics (Bari)
Probe	HRAS Related clones (RZPD - Berlin)
	PubMed
PubMed	287 Pubmed reference(s) in Entrez

Bibliography

A position 12-activated H-ras oncogene in all HS578T mammary carcinosarcoma cells but not normal mammary cells of the same patient.

Kraus MH, Yuasa Y, Aaronson SA

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1984 ; 81 (17) : 5384-5388.

PMID 6089200

Oncogenes and bladder cancer.

Malone PR, Visvanathan KV, Ponder BA, Shearer RJ, Summerhayes IC

British journal of urology. 1985 ; 57 (6) : 664-667.

PMID 4084726

A new oncogene in human thyroid papillary carcinomas and their lymph-nodal metastases.

Fusco A, Grieco M, Santoro M, Berlingieri MT, Pilotti S, Pierotti MA, Della Porta G, Vecchio G

Nature. 1987 ; 328 (6126) : 170-172.

PMID 3600795

Human cancer and cellular oncogenes.

Nishimura S, Sekiya T

The Biochemical journal. 1987 ; 243 (2) : 313-327.

PMID 3307760

Oncogene activation in malignant transformation: a study of H-ras in human breast cancer.

Spandidos DA

Anticancer research. 1987 ; 7 (5B) : 991-996.

PMID 3435051

Activated ras oncogenes in human thyroid cancers.

Lemoine NR, Mayall ES, Wyllie FS, Farr CJ, Hughes D, Padua RA, Thurston V, Williams ED, Wynford-Thomas D

Cancer research. 1988 ; 48 (16) : 4459-4463.

PMID 3293774

Detection of activated ras oncogenes in human thyroid carcinomas.

Suˆ°rez HG, Du Villard JA, Caillou B, Schlumberger M, Tubiana M, Parmentier C, Monier R

Oncogene. 1988 ; 2 (4) : 403-406.

PMID 3283656

Preferential and novel activation of H-ras in human bladder carcinomas.

Visvanathan KV, Pocock RD, Summerhayes IC

Oncogene research. 1988 ; 3 (1) : 77-86.

PMID 3144694

ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review.

Bos JL

Cancer research. 1989 ; 49 (17) : 4682-4689.

PMID 2547513

Expression of the H-ras proto-oncogene is controlled by alternative splicing.

Cohen JB, Broz SD, Levinson AD

Cell. 1989 ; 58 (3) : 461-472.

PMID 2667764

High frequency of ras oncogene activation in all stages of human thyroid tumorigenesis.

Lemoine NR, Mayall ES, Wyllie FS, Williams ED, Goyns M, Stringer B, Wynford-Thomas D

Oncogene. 1989 ; 4 (2) : 159-164.

PMID 2648253

ras oncogenes: their role in neoplasia.

Barbacid M

European journal of clinical investigation. 1990 ; 20 (3) : 225-235.

PMID 2114981

ras gene mutations in human prostate cancer.

Carter BS, Epstein JI, Isaacs WB

Cancer research. 1990 ; 50 (21) : 6830-6832.

PMID 2208148

Infrequent point mutations of ras oncogenes in gastric cancers.

Nanus DM, Kelsen DP, Mentle IR, Altorki N, Albino AP

Gastroenterology. 1990 ; 98 (4) : 955-960.

PMID 2179035

Low incidence of ras oncogene activation in human squamous cell carcinomas.

Rumsby G, Carter RL, Gusterson BA

British journal of cancer. 1990 ; 61 (3) : 365-368.

PMID 2183872

No evidence for point mutations in codons 12, 13, and 61 of the ras gene in a high-incidence area for esophageal and gastric cancers.

Victor T, Du Toit R, Jordaan AM, Bester AJ, van Helden PD

Cancer research. 1990 ; 50 (16) : 4911-4914.

PMID 2199031

Correlation of mutations of oncogene C-Ha-ras at codon 12 with metastasis and survival of gastric cancer patients.

Deng GR, Liu XH, Wang JR

Oncogene research. 1991 ; 6 (1) : 33-38.

PMID 1671796

Activated ras alleles in human carcinoma of the prostate are rare.

Gumerlock PH, Poonamallee UR, Meyers FJ, deVere White RW

Cancer research. 1991 ; 51 (6) : 1632-1637.

PMID 1998954

K-ras activation in gastric epithelial tumors in Japanese.

Miki H, Ohmori M, Perantoni AO, Enomoto T

Cancer letters. 1991 ; 58 (1-2) : 107-113.

PMID 2049776

High frequency mutation in codons 12 and 61 of H-ras oncogene in chewing tobacco-related human oral carcinoma in India.

Saranath D, Chang SE, Bhoite LT, Panchal RG, Kerr IB, Mehta AR, Johnson NW, Deo MG

British journal of cancer. 1991 ; 63 (4) : 573-578.

PMID 2021541

ras activation in experimental carcinogenesis.

Mangues R, Pellicer A

Seminars in cancer biology. 1992 ; 3 (4) : 229-239.

PMID 1421167

Mapping of UV photoproducts within ras proto-oncogenes in UV-irradiated cells: correlation with mutations in human skin cancer.

Tˆrmˆ§nen VT, Pfeifer GP

Oncogene. 1992 ; 7 (9) : 1729-1736.

PMID 1501884

Codon 12 Harvey-ras mutations are rare events in non-melanoma human skin cancer.

Campbell C, Quinn AG, Rees JL

The British journal of dermatology. 1993 ; 128 (2) : 111-114.

PMID 8096149

The absence of Harvey ras mutations during development and progression of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck.

Clark LJ, Edington K, Swan IR, McLay KA, Newlands WJ, Wills LC, Young HA, Johnston PW, Mitchell R, Robertson G

British journal of cancer. 1993 ; 68 (3) : 617-620.

PMID 8353052

Mutations, expression and genomic instability of the H-ras proto-oncogene in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck.

Kiaris H, Spandidos DA, Jones AS, Vaughan ED, Field JK

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Contributor(s)

Written	02-1999	Franz Watzinger and Thomas Lion
		Childrenīs Cancer Research Institute, Kinderspitalgasse 6, A-1090 Vienna, Austria

Citation

This paper should be referenced as such :

Watzinger F and Lion T . HRAS (Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog). Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. February 1999 . URL : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Genes/HRASID108.html

© Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology

indexed on : Sun Nov 9 19:41:45 2008