Oculocutaneous Albinism

Identity

Other names	Albinism, Oculocutaneous Albinism type 1 (OCA1)
	Oculocutaneous Albinism type 2 (OCA2)
	Oculocutaneous Albinism type 3 (OCA3)
	Oculocutaneous Albinism type 4 (OCA4)
	Oculocutaneous Albinism type 5 (OCA5)
	Oculocutaneous Albinism type 6 (OCA6)
	Oculocutaneous Albinism type 7 (OCA7)
	Tyrosinase-Negative Albinism
	Tyrosinase-Positive Albinism
Atlas_Id	10022
Genes implicated in	TYR  OCA2  TYRP1  SLC45A2  SLC24A5  C10orf11
Note	Oculocutaneous Albinism (OCA) is a group of congenital developmental disorder characterized by complete or partial loss of melanin in skin, hair and eye. OCA is caused due to defects in genes associated with melanin biosynthetic pathway. Depending on the gene mutated, OCA can be classified into Oculocutaneous Albinism type 1 (OCA1), Oculocutaneous Albinism type 2 (OCA2), Oculocutaneous Albinism type 3 (OCA3) and Oculocutaneous Albinism type 4 (OCA4), Oculocutaneous Albinism type 5 (OCA5), Oculocutaneous Albinism type 6 (OCA6) and Oculocutaneous Albinism type 7 (OCA7). OCA1 affects 1 per 40000 individuals in most populations (King et al., 2001) but is very uncommon among African-Americans. The overall prevalence of OCA2 is estimated to be 1:36000 in USA, but it is a lot more common among the African Americans with a prevalence of 1:10000 (Okoro, 1975). In fact, OCA2 affects 1 in 3900 of the population in the southern parts of Africa. OCA3 or Rufous oculocutaneous albinism has been estimated to affect 1:8500 individuals in Africa; however, it is very rare in any other populations as per published literature. OCA4 has been found to be the second largest rare form of albinism after OCA1 in Japan. The 3 other forms of OCA are very rare. There is a single report till date for OCA5 in a consanguineous Pakistani family [Kausar et al., 2013]. A few distinct cases of SLC24A5 mediated OCA6 - one from India, one from China, two patients from France, three from Portugal, one from Belgium and one from Syria, have been reported till date [Mondal et al., 2012; Wei et al., 2013; Fanny et al., 2014]. Nine Faroese patients and one Danish patient of Lithuanian origin harbored mutations in C10ORF11 gene representing OCA7 [ Gronskov et al., 2014]. It is worth mentioning that in countries like India where endogamy prevails, the incidence of OCA would be higher than the world average. In fact, in India, a preponderance of homozygous mutations is found and OCA1 is caused majorly because of founder mutations (Chaki et al., 2005; Chaki et al. 2006).
Inheritance	OCA is inherited in an autosomal recessive mode. However, recently, it has been hypothesized that the clinical spectrum of OCA depends on the pigmentation threshold of the patient. In genotypically darker complexion individuals such as in Africans, two mutations are needed to completely shut off the high pigmentation background; whereas in individuals with lighter complexion such as Caucasians, OCA can be manifested by the presence of one mutation and one hypomorphic allele (Chiang et al., 2008).

Clinics

Note	OCA is characterized by partial or total absence of melanin in the skin, hair and eyes at birth. The absence of optimum content of melanin during embryogenesis acts as a cue to trigger defects in eye development that cannot be corrected. A portion of the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons, originally destined to the ipsilateral hemisphere of the dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei (dLGN) of the midbrain, misproject to the contralateral side, thereby resulting in the disruption of binocular vision (Lund, 1965; Guillery, 1971; Cooper and Pettigrew, 1979; Drager and Olsen, 1980; Lavado and Montoliu, 2006). The developmental defect concerned with abnormal nerve fibre projection has been discussed in details in a review by Ray et al., 2007 (Ray et al., 2007).
Phenotype and clinics	The reduction of melanin in peripheral retina results in a stereoscopic set of developmental defects in neuronal migration in the visual pathways leading to foveal hypoplasia, abnormal routing of the nerve fibers from the eye to brain with consequent low vision (reduced visual acuity usually in the range 20/60 to 20/400 and refractive errors), photophobia, iris transillumination, nystagmus and strabismus. An OCA affected person is considered legally blind if he/she has a visual acuity of 20/200 (6/60) or less. The degree of severity of the eye features as well as skin pigmentation varies with the different subtypes of albinism. Due to loss of pigmentation, the iris looks hazel or light blue or in extreme cases as in OCA1, it is translucent to such an extent that it appears pink or red in ambient light. The skin remains white or only become slightly pigmented with time in case of OCA1 whereas the patients suffering from the other 3 types of albinism have residual pigmentation and look pinkish or yellowish. If unprotected from sun rays, hypopigmented skin in the albinistic individuals may develop erythema. Moreover, the reduction in melanin pigment in the skin results in an increased sensitivity to UV induced skin damage and subsequently non-melanotic skin cancers. It must be stated here that based on the severity of pigment loss, the most severe form of OCA viz. OCA1 can be sub-classified into two categories - (a) OCA1A: when the tyrosinase enzyme activity is completely lacking, and (b) OCA1B: when some residual activity is retained. The visual acuity of the OCA1A patients is greatly reduced; the degree of nystagmus, strabismus, photophobia are usually severe and the translucent iris that appear pink early in life, often become gray-blue with age. In case of OCA1A there is an absence of pigmentation throughout the patient's life. In contrast, in OCA1B, although there is little or no apparent melanin at birth, progressive melanization might occur with time. The range of pigmentation in OCA1B varies from little cutaneous pigment to nearly normal skin color and the phenotype is often influenced by ethnicity. OCA1B is called 'yellow OCA' due to the color of the hair, produced by pheomelanin synthesis.
Neoplastic risk	The loss of pigment often leads to non-melanotic skin cancers in form of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) (Mabula et al., 2012). Melanoma is rare in albino patients (Pehamberger et al., 1984).
Treatment	No specific treatment is available for OCA. Attention must be paid to avoidance of direct sun exposure.
Evolution	OCA1B patients although are born with almost no pigmentation, show a progressive melanization with age.
Prognosis	With proper protection from direct exposure from sun and visual aids like dome magnifiers, reading glasses, hand-held and stand magnifiers, patients should be able to lead a normal life.

Genes involved and Proteins

Note

OCA can be classified into seven major types viz. Oculocutaneous Albinism type 1 (OCA1), Oculocutaneous Albinism type 2 (OCA2), Oculocutaneous Albinism type 3 (OCA3) and Oculocutaneous Albinism type 4 (OCA4), Oculocutaneous Albinism type 5 (OCA5), Oculocutaneous Albinism type 6 (OCA6) and Oculocutaneous Albinism type 7 (OCA7). Each of the classical subtypes is caused due to defects in 7 different genes independently. Table 1 shows the genes involved in OCA: Table 1: Causal genes and specific symptoms for 7 classical OCA syndromes. Gene Syndrome Specific symptoms TYR OCA1 (A and B) OCA1A: The skin, hair, eyelashes and eyebrows are white, Irises completely translucent. Visual acuity is 1/10 or less with intense photophobia. OCA1 symptoms do not vary with age or race. Amelanotic nevi may be present. OCA1B: In OCA1B, the hair and skin may develop some pigment with time and the irises may appear to green/brown. Visual acuity is 2/10. OCA2 OCA2 While the degree of cutaneous pigment and iris color may vary, the newborn with OCA2 nearly always have pigmented hair. Nevi and freckles are commonly found in the skin. Visual acuity is better than in OCA1, and can reach 3/10. Africans with OCA2 appear with light brown hair and skin, and gray irises. TYRP1 OCA3 Among Africans OCA3 affected individuals have red hair and reddish brown skin (xanthism). Visual anomalies are less severe and often not detectable. SLC45A2 OCA4 The clinical findings of OCA are very similar to that of OCA2 Locus 4q24(gene not identified) OCA5 The patients have been reported with golden hair, white skin, nystagmus, photophobia, foveal hypoplasia, and impaired visual acuity SLC24A5 OCA6 Patients are generally characterized by light hair at birth that darkens with age, white skin, transparent irides, photophobia, nystagmus, foveal hypoplasia and reduced visual acuity. In a man from eastern India who had extreme hypopigmentation resulting in pinkish-white skin, but with dark brown hair and brown irides, homozygosity for a 4-bp insertion in the SLC24A5 gene was observed (Mondal et al,, 2012) C10ORF11 OCA7 Patients have a light skin pigmentation that is reported as lighter than their relatives. Hair color ranges from light blond to dark brown. Eye findings include nystagmus, iris transillumination, visual acuity ranging from 6/9 to 3/60 and very sparse peripheral ocular fundus pigmentation.

Gene Name	TYR (tyrosinase (oculocutaneous albinism IA))
Alias	Monophenol monooxygenase, SHEP3, Tumor rejection antigen AB, LB24-AB, SK29-AB.
Location	11q14.3
Note	TYR codes for Tyrosinase protein, the rate limiting enzyme of melanin biosynthetic pathway.

DNA/RNA
Description	The human tyrosinase gene consists of 5 exons and spans about 65 kb of the genome.
Transcription	It encodes a 2082 bp transcript (Accession No: NM_000372.4).
Pseudogene	TYR-like segment (TYRL, 11p11.2, MIM 191270) is a pseudogene of TYR, which contains sequences very similar to exons IV and V of TYR gene. It is hypothesized that duplication of TYR exons IV and V regions followed by 11q:11p translocation has given rise to the TYRL segment.

Protein
Description	TYR (monophenol monoxygenase EC 1.14.18.1) encodes a ~80 kDa glycoprotein (Accession No: NP_000363.1) composed of 529 amino acids. TYR is a melanosomal membrane bound glycoenzyme with a type-3 copper active site. The mature TYR polypeptide includes an 18-amino acid long N-terminal signal peptide, six N-glycosylation sites, two copper binding sites (CuA and CuB) and one transmembrane (TM) domain followed by a relatively short carboxyl tail.
Expression	TYR is mainly expressed in two cell types: (a) Melanocytes that are derived from neural crest cells colonizing within iris, cochlea, skin and choroids, and (b) Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells that are derived from the optic cup. During mouse embryogenesis, the expression of TYR could be first detected from +16.5 days post coitum onwards in the skin melanocytes and from +10.5 days postcoitum onwards in the RPE cells (Beermann et al., 1992).
Localisation	TYR is a melanosomal membrane protein and the TM region anchors the bulk of the protein inside the melanosomal lumen.
Function	TYR catalyzes the rate limiting steps of melanin biosynthesis viz. hydroxylation of L-tyrosine to L-DOPA and oxidation of L-DOPA to DOPAquinone. It also catalyzes the conversion of 5,6 dihydroxyindole to Indole 5,6 Quinone and 5,6,dihydroxyindole carboxylic acid to Indole 5,6 quinone carboxylic acid.
Homology	TYR, Tyrosinase Related Protein 1 (TYRP1) and Tyrosinase Related Protein 2 (TYRP2/DCT) represent a family of closely related gene products (with almost 40% amino acid identity) that share a common tertiary structure (Jimenez-Cervantes et al., 1998; Kobayashi et al., 1998). These have been grouped together to form the TYRP family of genes.

Mutations
Germinal	TYR mutations are responsible for OCA1. A few OCA2 mutations have been associated with autosomal recessive ocular albinism (AROA). OCA1 is an endoplasmic reticulum retention (ER) disorder and all the missense mutations that have been functionally characterized have yielded ER -retained proteins.

Gene Name	OCA2 (OCA2 melanosomal transmembrane protein)
Alias	P, Pink-eyed dilution protein homolog, D15S12, Melanocyte-specific transporter protein, EYCL, EYCL2, EYCL3, BOCA, BEY, BEY1, BEY2, HCL3, PED, SHEP1, oculocutaneous albinism II (pink-eye dilution (murine) homolog)1
Location	15q12
Note	OCA2 codes for OCA2 protein, hypothesized to be involved in the transport of tyrosine, the precursor to melanin synthesis, within the melanocyte.

DNA/RNA
Description	The human OCA2 gene consists of 24 exons and spans ~344.5 kb of the genome.
Transcription	It encodes a 3154 bp transcript (Accession No: NM_000275.2).

Protein
Description	OCA2 encodes a ~110 kDa protein (Accession No: NP_000266.2) composed of 838 amino acids. The OCA2 protein is thought to be a melanosomal multipass integral membrane protein (with 12 predicted transmembrane domains) involved in small molecule transport, specifically tyrosine - a precursor of melanin.
Expression	Due to its localization in the melanosomal membrane, OCA2 is thought to be expressed in the melanocytes.
Localisation	OCA2 is hypothesized to be present in the melanosomal membrane of the melanocytes.
Function	The precise function of OCA2 has not been elucidated till date. However, the potential functions include: a) normal biogenesis of melanosomes (Rosemblat et al., 1998; Orlow and Brilliant et al., 1999); b) for normal processing and transport of tyrosinase and other melanosomal proteins (Puri et al., 2000; Manga et al., 2001; Toyofuku et al., 2002; Chen et al., 2002); and c) maintenance of an acidic pH in melanosomes (Ni-Komatsu and Orlow, 2006).
Homology	Its sequence predicts that OCA2 has a homology to a superfamily of permeases (Rinchik et al., 1993; Lee et al., 1995).

Mutations
Germinal	OCA2 mutations are responsible for OCA2. A few OCA2 mutations have been associated with autosomal recessive ocular albinism (AROA) too.

Gene Name	TYRP1 (tyrosinase-related protein 1)
Alias	RP11-3L8.1, CAS2, CATB, GP75, SHEP11, TRP, TYRP, b-PROTEIN
Location	9p23
Note	TYRP1 codes for TYRP1 protein, hypothesized to be involved in melanin synthesis, stabilization of tyrosinase and modulating its catalytic activity, maintenance of melanosome structure and affects melanocyte proliferation and melanocyte cell death. Defects in this gene are the cause of rufous oculocutaneous albinism and oculocutaneous albinism type III.

DNA/RNA
Description	The human TYRP1 gene consists of 8 exons and spans ~24.8 kb of the genome.
Transcription	It encodes a 2876 bp transcript (Accession No: NM_000550.2).

Protein
Description	TYRP1 encodes a 60.7 kDa protein (Accession No: NP_000541.1) composed of 537 amino acids. The TYRP1 protein is thought to be a melanosomal membrane single-pass type I membrane protein.
Expression	TYRP1, similar to TYR, is mainly expressed in two cell types: (a) Melanocytes that are derived from neural crest cells colonizing within iris, cochlea, skin and choroids, and (b) Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells that are derived from the optic cup.
Localisation	TYRP1 is hypothesized to be localized in melanosome membrane.
Function	Oxidation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) into indole-5,6-quinone-2-carboxylic acid. May regulate or influence the type of melanin synthesized.
Homology	Belongs to the tyrosinase family. Homologous to murine brown locus.

Mutations
Germinal	TYRP1 mutations are responsible for OCA3.

Gene Name	SLC45A2 (solute carrier family 45 member 2)
Alias	Membrane associated transporter protein, MATP, MELANOMA ANTIGEN AIM1, AIM1
Location	5p13.2
Note	SLC45A2 codes for SLC45A2 protein, hypothesized to be involved in the transport of substances required for melanin biosynthesis within the melanocyte.

DNA/RNA
Description	The human SLC45A2 gene consists of 7 exons and spans 40.1 kb of the genome.
Transcription	It encodes a 1734 bp transcript (Accession No: NM_016180.3).

Protein
Description	SLC45A2 encodes a ~58 kDa protein (Accession No: NP_057264.3) and composed of 530 amino acids. The protein is thought to be a melanosomal multipass membrane protein (contains 12 putative transmembrane domains) involved in small molecule transport.
Expression	Expressed in most melanoma cell lines and melanocytes.
Localisation	SLC45A2 is hypothesized to be present in the melanosomal membrane of the melanocytes.
Function	The precise function of SLC45A2 has not been elucidated till date. Studies on Medaka fish show that the SLC45A2/MATP plays an important role in pigmentation and probably functions as a membrane transporter in melanosomes (Fukamachi et al., 2001).
Homology	Belongs to the glycoside-pentoside-hexuronide (GPH) cation symporter transporter (TC 2.A.2) family.

Mutations
Germinal	SLC45A2 mutations are responsible for OCA4.

Gene Name	-
Alias	Oculocutaneous Albinism 5 (Autosomal Recessive)
Location	4q24
Note	This chromosomal locus harbors 14 genes, none of which are directly responsible for melanin biosynthesis

DNA/RNA
Description	4q24 harbors 14 genes (CENPE, TACR3, CXXC4, TET2, PPA2, INTS12, GSTCD, NPNT, AIMP1, DKK2, PAPSS1, SGMS2, CYP2U1, HADH) with linkage interval of 3.84Mb.
Transcription	The underlying gene causing OCA5 has not yet been identified.

Protein
Function	4q24 is a chromosomal locus harbouring about 14 genes in it with a linkage interval of 3.84 Mb. Though none of those 14 genes are known to have any role in melanin synthesis, but studies are being done to ascertain the role of this locus and to identify the underlying gene.

Mutations
Germinal	Though inheritance indicates germinal origin of the mutations, the causal gene is yet to be recognized.

Gene Name	SLC24A5 (solute carrier family 24 (sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger), member 5)
Alias	Solute Carrier Family 24 (Sodium/Potassium/Calcium Exchanger), Member 5, JSX, OCA6
Location	15q21.1
Note	SLC24A5 codes for a cation exchanger which is probably involved in ion transport in melanosomes.

DNA/RNA
Description	The human SLC24A5 gene consists of 5 exons and spans 21.701 kb of the genome
Transcription	This gene has 4 transcripts (splice variants), three of which either skips an exon or are truncated versions. The actual protein coding transcript is 1617 bp long (NM_205850.2).

Protein
Description	SLC24A5 codes for a cation exchanger which is 500 amino acid long (NP_995322). This protein is an intracellular potassium-dependent sodium/calcium exchanger with 2 large hydrophilic loops and 2 sets of multiple trans-membrane-spanning segments.
Expression	Due to its localization in the melanosomal membrane, OCA2 is thought to be expressed in the melanocytes.
Localisation	SLC24A5 is hypothesized to be present in the trans-Golgi network of melanocytes.
Function	The precise function of SLC24A5 has not been elucidated till date. However, the potential functions include: (a) transporting 1 Ca2+ and 1 K+ to the melanosome in exchange for 4 cytoplasmic Na+ [Lamason RL et al., 2005]; (b) Influencing natural variation in skin pigmentation via a novel, unknown mechanism affecting cellular sterol levels [Wilson S et al., 2013].
Homology	It belongs to Solute Carrier Family 24 (http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=202).

Mutations
Germinal	SLC24A5 mutations are responsible for OCA6.

Gene Name	LRMDA (leucine rich melanocyte differentiation associated)
Alias	Chromosome 10 Open Reading Frame, OCA7
Location	10q22.3
Note	C10Orf11 codes for a leucine rich repeat containing protein.

DNA/RNA
Description	The human C10ORF11 gene consists of 6 exons and spans 959 kb of the genome.
Transcription	C10ORF11 encodes 16 splice variants of which 4 are protein coding and rest are processed transcripts. Of those 16, transcript variant 2 (Accession No: NM_032024.4) is 909 bp long and codes for a 198 amino acids long peptide.

Protein
Description	C10ORF11 encodes a 22.5 kDa protein (Accession No: NP_114413.1) composed of 198 amino acids. The sub-cellular localization of leucine rich repeat containing protein C10ORF11 is not clear.
Expression	This protein was found in melanoblast of embryo and melanocytes of fetus, but not in retinal pigment epithelial cells.
Localisation	C10ORF11 is hypothesized to be present in the melanosome, but not in retinal pigment epithelial cells.
Function	The precise function of C10ORF11 has not been elucidated till date. However, there is some evidence that it may play some role in melanocyte differentiation (Grønskov K et al., 2013).

Mutations
Germinal	C10ORF11 mutations are responsible for OCA7.

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Kunal Ray, Mainak Sengupta, Kausik Ganguly

Oculocutaneous Albinism

Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. ;(6):352-358.

Free journal version : [ pdf ]   [ DOI ]

On line version : http://AtlasGeneticsOncology.org/Tumors/OculocutaneousAlbinismID10022.html

History of this paper:

Ray, K ; Sengupta, M. Oculocutaneous Albinism. Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2013;17(1):65-69.

http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/48475/08-2012-OculocutaneousAlbinismID10022.pdf

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