B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL)
2021-02-01 Florence Nguyen-Khac , Elise Chapiro Affiliation1.Cytogénétique Hématologique, Service d Hématologie Biologique, Hpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP,.Sorbonne Université. Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS_1138, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, Paris, France [email protected]; [email protected]
2.Cytogénétique Hématologique, Service dHématologie Biologique, Hpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP,.Sorbonne Université. Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS_1138, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, Paris, France [email protected]; [email protected]
Abstract
B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) is a very rare mature B-cell leukemia occurring in elderly people diagnosed when prolymphocytes comprise more than 55% of the lymphoid cells in peripheral blood. A complex karyotype, MYC gene abnormalities (translocation or more rarely gain/amplification) and 17p deletion including TP53 are frequent. The prognosis is poor.
Clinics and Pathology
Phenotype stem cell origin
There is no specific immunologic marker. The B-PLL cells strongly express surface IgM/lgD, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD79a, CD79b, and FMC7. CD5 is expressed in more than half of cases, CD23 in 20-30%, and CD200 is weakly positive or negative.
Epidemiology
Very rare. Accounting for
Clinics
B symptoms, marked splenomegaly, no or minimal lymphadenopathy, rapidly increasing lymphocyte count, usually >100x109/L.
Figure 1. Courtesy F. Nguyen-Khac
Cytology
Prolymphocytes must represent more than 55% of lymphoid cells in peripheral blood. Prolymphocytes are medium-sized lymphoid cells with a round nucleus, moderately condensed nuclear chromatin, a prominent central nucleolus, and basophilic cytoplasm.
Treatment
No consensus of treatment. Like in CLL, first-line treatment was classically based on the presence of a TP53 aberration. Chemo-immunotherapy can be proposed in patients devoid of TP53 abnormality. In patients harboring a TP53 aberration, alemtuzumab has been used. Now, targeted therapies such as BCR pathway inhibitors (such as ibrutinib) or BCL2 inhibitors (like venetoclax) are interesting options that need evaluation. Allogeneic transplant should be considered in the rare younger patients.
Evolution
Variable clinical course. A median OS of 3 years was reported; however this was prior to the advent of immunotherapy and targeted therapies. A more recent study of 34 B-PLL reported a median overall survival of 125 months.
Prognosis
The prognosis of B-PLL is poor. Three distinct cytogenetic risk groups are described: low-risk (no MYC aberration), intermediate-risk (MYC aberration but no del17p), and high-risk (MYC aberration and del17p).
Figure 2. R-banded complex karyotype: t(8;22)(q24;q11) juxtaposing MYC and IGL genes loci, trisomy 12 and trisomy 18 (Courtesy F. Nguyen-Khac and E. Chapiro)
Figure 3. FISH analysis with a IGL(green)/MYC(red) probe (CYTOTEST) showing a t(8;22)(q24;q11) with IGL/MYC juxtaposition. (Courtesy F. Nguyen-Khac and E. Chapiro)
Figure 4. FISH analyses with a MYC break-apart probe. A and B. Gain of two copies of MYC resulting from multiple unbalanced translocation. C . Interphasic FISH: gain of one copy of MYC. (Courtesy F. Nguyen-Khac and E. Chapiro)
Genes Involved and Proteins
Note
Next generation sequencing
The most frequently mutated genes by whole exome sequencing in a series of 16 patients were: TP53 (38%, associated with del17p), MYD88 (25%), BCOR (25%), MYC (19%), SF3B1 (19%), SETD2 (12%), CHD2 (12%), CXCR4 (12%), and BCLAF1 (12%).
Mutations
IGHV analysis: the majority of B-PLL uses the IGHV3 or IGHV4 subgroups and displayed significantly mutated IGHV genes.
The most frequently mutated genes by whole exome sequencing in a series of 16 patients were: TP53 (38%, associated with del17p), MYD88 (25%), BCOR (25%), MYC (19%), SF3B1 (19%), SETD2 (12%), CHD2 (12%), CXCR4 (12%), and BCLAF1 (12%).
Mutations
IGHV analysis: the majority of B-PLL uses the IGHV3 or IGHV4 subgroups and displayed significantly mutated IGHV genes.
Article Bibliography
| Reference Number | Pubmed ID | Last Year | Title | Authors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 31527074 | 2019 | Genetic characterization of B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia: a prognostic model involving MYC and TP53. | Chapiro E et al |
| 2 | 8916962 | 1996 | High frequency of somatic mutations in the VH genes expressed in prolymphocytic leukemia. | Davi F et al |
| 3 | 16642047 | 2006 | IgVH genes mutation and usage, ZAP-70 and CD38 expression provide new insights on B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL). | Del Giudice I et al |
| 4 | 29468637 | 2019 | Idelalisib-rituximab induces durable remissions in TP53 disrupted B-PLL but results in significant toxicity: updated results of the UK-wide compassionate use programme. | Eyre TA et al |
| 5 | 25125625 | 2014 | Aberrations of MYC are a common event in B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. | Flatley E et al |
| 6 | 11697653 | 2001 | A multicentric study of 41 cases of B-prolymphocytic leukemia: two evolutive forms. | Hercher C et al |
| 7 | 19961946 | 2010 | Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant for prolymphocytic leukemia. | Kalaycio ME et al |
| 8 | 9058723 | 1997 | p53 abnormalities in B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. | Lens D et al |
| 9 | 10720137 | 2000 | Frequent deletions at 11q23 and 13q14 in B cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL). | Lens D et al |
| 10 | 3487341 | 1986 | The relationship between chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and prolymphocytic leukaemia. I. Clinical and laboratory features of 300 patients and characterization of an intermediate group. | Melo JV et al |
| 11 | 31951033 | 2020 | Initial treatment of B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia with ibrutinib. | Moore J et al |
| 12 | 30941750 | 2019 | Venetoclax is an option in B-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia following progression on B-cell receptor pathway inhibitors. | Patil N et al |
| 13 | 22205151 | 2012 | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and prolymphocytic leukemia with MYC translocations: a subgroup with an aggressive disease course. | Put N et al |
| 14 | 10194135 | 1999 | B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia: a survey of 35 patients emphasizing heterogeneity, prognostic factors and evidence for a group with an indolent course. | Shvidel L et al |
| 15 | 9595043 | 1998 | Cytogenetic abnormalities in three patients with B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. | Solé F et al |
Summary
Note
This paper is an update of B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) (published in 1998)
Citation
Florence Nguyen-Khac ; Elise Chapiro
B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL)
Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2021-02-01
Online version: http://www.atlasgeneticsoncology.org/haematological/2033/b-cell-prolymphocytic-leukemia-(b-pll)
